Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
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Map of Romania with main armed resistance areas marked in red
The armed resistance against the
communist regime in
Romania lasted between 1948 and the early 1960s. Armed resistance was the first and most structured form of resistance against the communist regime. It wasn’t until the overthrow of
Nicolae Ceauşescu in late 1989 that details about what was called “anti-communist armed resistance” were made public. It was only then that the public learnt about the several small armed groups, which sometimes termed themselves "
haiducs", that had taken refuge in the
Carpathian Mountains, where some resisted for ten years against the troops of the
Securitate. The last isolated remnants were eliminated in the mountains of
Banat in 1962. The Romanian resistance was one of the longest lasting armed movement in the former
Soviet bloc.
[1]
[edit] Preliminaries
In March 1944, the
Red Army set foot in
Bukovina advancing into Romanian territory. Hundreds of people went into the forests forming anti-Soviet
guerrilla groups of 15-20 people
[2].
After the
Soviet-Romanian Armistice (11-12 September 1944), the Red Army had free run in Romania and the Romanian government did not have authority over
Northern Bukovina. In late 1944 and early 1945, some small armed groups were formed in Romania, with a mission of harassing the Red Army in a future
Soviet-Western War[2]. After the war, most of these groups dissolved while some others stayed in the mountains until 1948, when they became active. In May 1946, General
Aurel Aldea, the former Minister of the Interior of the
Sănătescu government, was arrested and charged with "bringing together various subversive organisations under his command". It appears, however, that the "National Resistance Movement", which he coordinated, posed little threat, if any, to the establishment of the communist regime.
After the
elections of 1946, a coalescence of
anti-communist forces led to a structure reuniting generals, senior officers and politicians preparing and coordinating armed groups under a single command
[3]. The central coordinating structure inside Romania reported on this initiative to the
Romanian National Council residing in
Paris, which in turn informed the Western governments. The project was eventually intercepted by the Romanian authorities, which subsequently carried out massive arrests in spring 1948, comprising up to 80% of those who were implicated in the movement. Thus, the coordinated national resistance was decapitated.
[edit] Onset of the armed resistance movement
However, starting with the summer of 1948, individuals or small groups went underground into the Carpathians, forming various groups of armed resistance in what was a relatively large movement, gathering several thousand people. The rebels came from all social strata and all areas of the country, spreading everywhere the terrain could shield them. The movement was related to the spate of mass arrests hitting the country after the communist power seizure on the eve of 1948, as well as to the political and economical measures which ruined a sizeable part of the peasantry and the middle class
[citation needed].
There were several reasons for people seeking shelter in the mountains. While some went underground to escape imminent arrest, more generally people fled as they abandoned hope for surviving after being economically ruined and risking detention or worse. Significantly, entire families took flight in late 1948 and early 1949. Thus, the British consular official in
Cluj, reporting on May 1st, 1949 on the situation of partisans under the leadership of
General Dragalina noted that:
- “clothing and medicine are short and this is probably true as their numbers have been increased by a considerable proportion of women and children since the March 1st land expropriation. I have been given a figure as high as 20,000 as the number who has joined since the expropriation (…) The increase in the number of women and children will create problems of survival next winter (…) I am told now and again of lorries of army supplies going over to the partisans, sometimes by capture and sometimes by desertion, but I cannot say to what extent…"[3]
Actually, retreating in the mountains from internal of external oppressors was a spontaneous and ancestral strategy of the Romanian peasantry. Significantly, the members of the armed resistance were not called "partisans" by the population, but
haiduci[4], the word for the generous bandits that had fought the Austrian occupiers and were considered folk heroes.
A further major component of the armed resistance consisted of individuals and groups motivated by
anti-communist convictions and persuaded that only an armed engagement could contain increasing terror and prevent an irrevocable communist takeover. Some of the resistance groups were led by ex-army officers and acted in a more coordinated and planned way. It appears that they put their hope in stirring up a more general armed insurrection, which never came to life. A smaller category of insurgents were Romanian refugees recruited in Europe by the
Office of Policy Coordination, trained in France, Italy and Greece and then dropped in the Carpathians. It seems, however, that most of them, not being able to create local contacts imperative for survival, were soon captured.
[3]
[edit] Resistance groups
Ion Gavrilă-Ogoranu, a member of the
fascist and
anti-Semitic Iron Guard[5] who led a resistance group in the
Făgăraş Mountains from 1948 to 1956, and remained undetected until 1976, worked out a set of defining traits of the typical Romanian resistance group.
[6] According to this author, such a group was rather small, but could number up to 200 men. A resistance group was located in a mountainous/forested area which comprised some communities. It was supported by a significant number of inhabitants (up to several thousands), who provided shelter, food and information.
Resistance groups were the target of systematic and enduring military actions from fully armed regular troops of the
Securitate. The strength of the Securitate troops could vary from platoon to battalion up to regiment, including armoured vehicles, artillery and occasionally even aviation. The
insurgent groups sustained losses consisting of dead and wounded captured by the Securitate. They also fell victim to treason from supporters or infiltrated persons, which led to losses and captures. Gavrilă-Ogoranu claims that some of the arrested rebels and their supporters were killed during interrogation, while other members of resistance groups were indicted in public or secret trials, and sentenced to death or prison. He estimates that several thousands of convictions were imposed. Death penalties were carried out either secretly, with bodies thrown into unknown common graves, or publicly in order to intimidate the local population. A significant number of detained rebels, who had not been sentenced to death, were killed outside prisons, under unexplained circumstances. In areas where the rebels were active, the population underwent systematic
intimidation and
terror from the authorities.
[edit] Structure and function
Dispersal, extent and duration of the resistance rendered research after 1990 more difficult in ascertaining structural information on the movement. Evaluating the archives of the Securitate the
CNSAS (National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives) has assessed a provisional figure of 1196 resistance groups acting between 1948 and 1960.
[7] The size of the groups varied from small groupings of less than 10 members to intermediate sized groups counting around 40 fighters up to larger detachments of more than 100 men, with the highest
distribution density placed around a strength of 15–20 men.
[3][6] According to these assumptions, the total number of active resistance fighters may not fall below 10,000 persons, with an estimated figure of at least 40–50,000 supporting persons.
[7] The number of killed victims on the insurgents’ side could be established according to both archive data and various memoirs published after 1990. The archives revealed several hundreds of death penalties, yet a much larger number of resisters have been killed either in battle or during different phases of detention.
[8] An estimated figure could amount 2,000 lost lives.
The social structure of the insurgent groups was heterogeneous, comprising a considerable part of peasants, many students and intellectuals as well as several army officers
[3]. The same heterogeneity characterised the political structure of the resistance. A report of the Securitate from 1951 containing information on 804 arrested resistance members ranking among 17 “mountain bands” reveals following political affiliation: 11%
National Peasant Party, 10%
Ploughmen's Front, 9%
Iron Guard, 5%
Communist Party, 2%
National Liberal Party.
[3]
[edit] List of major resistance groups
The territorial structure of the resistance covered the largest part of the country. A list of some of the most important resistance groups and their location:
[9][10]
Rather than a planned action, the resistance movement was a spontaneous reaction in response to the wave of terror initiated by the authorities after the seizure of power in early 1948
[35]. The spontaneous nature of the movement explains its marked fragmentation and the lack of coordination between the resistance groups. However, acting isolated and on a local basis conferred the groups a multiformity and flexibility which rendered the annihilation of the entire movement more difficult, and ensured a remarkable staying power for some groups. Furthermore, in some areas a notable reproducibility occurred, exterminated groups being replaced by new cores of resistance.
A characteristic trait of the movement was its defensive nature. Indeed, few offensive actions such as sabotages or occupation of localities have been recorded.
[35] While the groups did not pose a major material threat to the authorities, their dangerousness for the regime resided in the symbol they represented: as long as the resisters remained free, they created a tangible challenge to the regime’s claim of exercising total control over the country.
[36]
[edit] Repression
Adriana Georgescu Cosmovici was one of the first people to be arrested for belonging to the resistance movement. In July 1945, the 28-year old woman was arrested in
Bucharest, and severely beaten by the
secret police investigators.
[37] In a statement made in
Paris in 1949, she named three investigators as having threatened her with guns, one of them being
Alexandru Nicolschi.
[37] According to a 1992 article from
Cuvântul, Nicolschi ordered the murder of seven prisoners (allegedly the leaders of an anti-communist resistance movement) in transit from
Gherlaprison in July 1949.
[37]
Elisabeta Rizea and her husband, two peasants opposed to the government's policy of forced
collectivization, joined the guerrilla group "Haiducii Muscelului" led by Colonel
Gheorghe Arsenescu, providing food and supplies. Caught in 1952, she served 12 years in prison, during which time she was subjected to
torture.
On 18 July 1958,
Vasile Motrescu was executed. In 1959, 80 people led by
Vasile Blǎnaru were judged for "armed insurrection" in the area of
Câmpulung Muscel[2].
The implacable chase of the authorities on the resisters as well as the gag order on the existence of the resistance show how concerned the regime was, that the symbol of political insubordination might become contagious.
[3] Iron Guard sympathizer Gavrilă-Ogoranu reports the words allegedly addressed to mountain wanderers by a resister in the 1950s: “Tell everyone that there is still a place in the
Kingdom of Romania which has not bowed to Communism. As long as our heads are on our shoulders, this corner of the country will be free. Tell the people not to lose faith, for the day will come when the whole of Romania will be free. Pray God for it, so help us God.”
[38]
[edit] See also
[edit] Anti-totalitarian resistances in other countries
[edit] References
- ^ Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securităţii, Bande, bandiţi si eroi. Grupurile de rezistenţă şi Securitatea (1948-1968), Editura Enciclopedica, Bucureşti, 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Din istoria rezistenţei anticomuniste in România, Adrian Stǎnescu, Curierul Românesc, Year XVI, number 5 (208), May 2004, pages 8-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g Deletant, Dennis, "Communist Terror in Romania", Chapt. 10, Armed Resistance, pp. 225–234, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999
- ^ Claudia Dobre, Rezistenţa aticomunistă în România: memorie şi istorie in Memoria, Revista gândirii arestate, Nr. 55
- ^ Der Spiegel, Protests from Holocaust Institute:Berlinale Resists Call to Pull Romanian Film, February 17, 2010.
- ^ a b Gavrilă-Ogoranu Ion, Short History of Armed Anti-Communist Resistance in Romania in Ioniţoiu, C., Cartea de Aur a rezistenţei româneşti împotriva comunismului. Vol. I-II, Bucureşti, Ed. Hrisovul, 1996
- ^ a b Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii, Mişcarea armată de rezistenţă anticomunistă din Romania. 1944-1962, Editura Kullusys, Bucureşti, 2003
- ^ Dobre Florica (Edt.), Bande, bandiţi şi eroi. Grupurile de rezistenţă şi Securitatea (1948-1968), Ed. Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 2003
- ^ Ioniţoiu Cicerone, Rezistenţa anticomunistă din munţii României, 1946 - 1958., "Gîndirea Românească", 1993 also see online document
- ^ Brişca, Adrian, The Anticommunist Armed Resistance in Romania, 1944-1962, AT, nr. 34-35, 1-2/2002, p. 75-101
- ^ Bellu, Ştefan. Rezistenţa în munţii Maramureşului In: AS, 1995, 2, p.320-326
- ^ Brişcă Adrian, Rezistenţa armată din Bucovina, vol. al II-lea: 1950-1952, Institutul National pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Bucuresti, 2000
- ^ Brişcă Adrian, Jurnalul unui partizan:Vasile Motrescu şi rezistenţa armată din Bucovina, 2005
- ^ Brişcă, Adrian; Ciuceanu, Radu. Rezistenţa armată din Bucovina. 1944-1950. Vol. I, Bucureşti, 1998
- ^ Radu Ciuceanu, Octavian Roske, Cristian Troncotă, Începuturile mişcării de rezistenţă, doc. 2, pp. 138-147
- ^ Breazu, Steliana. Grupul de rezistenţă anticomunistă al lui Cantemir Gligor din munţii Zarandului şi munţii Codrului, pe valea Crişului Alb In: AS, 1995, 2, p.334-337
- ^ Radu Ciuceanu, Octavian Roske, Cristian Troncotă, Începuturile mişcării de rezistenţă, vol. 2, iunie - noiembrie 1946, Bucureşti, Institutul naţional pentru studiul totalitarismului, 2001, doc. 1-10, pp. 30-40
- ^ Cristian Troncotă, "Procesul mişcării naţionale de rezistenţă"), 1946, in Arhivele Totalitarismului, nr. 19-20, 2-3/1998, pp. 102-120
- ^ Cristian Troncotă, Procesul mişcării naţionale de rezistenţă, p. 225
- ^ Grupul de rezistenţă "maior Nicolae Dabija" In: Memoria, nr. 13, p.59-67
- ^ Lucretia Jurj-Costescu, Patru ani de rezistentă cu arma în mână în Muntii Apuseni in Memoria, Revista gândirii arestate, Nr. 26
- ^ Ivan Paula. Aspects du mouvement de résistance anti-communiste a Cluj et a Alba, 1947-1952. In: Trans. R, 1995, 4, nr. 4, p.116-121
- ^ Berzescu Atanasie, Lacrimi şi sânge. Rezistenţa anticomunistă armată din munţii Banatului, Editura Marineasa, Timişoara, 1999
- ^ Brişcă Adrian, Rezistenţa armată din Banat vol. 1, 1945-1949, Editura Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului - 2004
- ^ Matei, Tudor. Rezistenţa anticomunistă din Mehedinţi In: AS, 1998, 6, p.250-255
- ^ Sebeşan, Emil; Silveanu, Ileana. Rezistenţa din Banat. 1949 (La Résistance de Banat, 1949). In: A tot., 1998, 6, nr. 1, p.116-138
- ^ Theodor Bărbulescu, Liviu Ţăranu Rezistenţa anticomunistă – Cazul colonelului I. Uţă in Memoria, Revista gândirii arestate nr. 44-45
- ^ Baicu Petre, Salcă, Alexandru, Rezistenţa în munţi şi oraşul Braşov (1944-1948) Braşov, Ed. Transilvania Express, 1997
- ^ Radu Ciuceanu, Octavian Roske, Cristian Troncotă, Începuturile mişcării de rezistenţă, doc. 10, p. 153
- ^ Timaru, Mihai. Lupta de rezistenţă anticomunistă în munţii Vrancei In: AS, 1995, 2, p.327-333
- ^ a b Gavrliă Ogoranu Ion, Baki Lucia Brazii se frâng, dar nu se îndoiesc Vol.III, Editura Marineasa, Timişoara
- ^ Căpăţână, Claudia; Ciolcă, Răzvan. Fişe pentru o istorie a rezistenţei anticomuniste. Grupul "Haiducii Muscelului" In: MI, 1998, 32, nr. 6, p.40-44
- ^ Cojoc Marian – Rezistenţa armată din Dobrogea, 1945-1960, Ed. Institutul Naţional pentru Studierea Totalitarismului, Bucureşti, 2004
- ^ Rădulescu, Zoe. Rezistenţa anticomunistă din munţii Babadag In: AS, 1995, 2, p.311-319
- ^ a b Onişoru Gheorghe (coord.) – Totalitarism şi rezistenţă, teroare şi represiune în România comunistă, Studii C.N.S.A.S, Bucureşti, 2001
- ^ Addenda in Courtois Stéphane, "Du passé faisons table rase! Histoire et mémoire du communisme en Europe", Robert Lafont, Paris, 2002
- ^ a b c Deletant, Dennis, "Communist Terror in Romania", pp. 122–123, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999
- ^ Gavrilă-Ogoranu I., Brazii se frâng dar nu se îndoiesc, Ed. Marineasa, 1995, Vol. I, p. 304
[edit] External links
Genèses - Sciences sociales et histoireno, no. 43, 2001/2
- (English) Toma Arnautoiu - The anti-communist partisans of Nucsoara - Biography, photos, documents about Toma Arnautoiu.